TRIAD Publications

Last updated 3/2/10

The TRIAD Study has already produced a significant number of papers. Study investigators continue to analyze study data and prepare manuscripts for journal submission and publication.
Below is a list of TRIAD papers that are published or are in press. A description of topic level can be found under the link to each section. Some paper findings may overlap; however, they are listed here under their primary level of results.

Patient Level
These papers focus on individual patient factors including age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic position, language, health literacy and other communication barriers, patient beliefs and attitudes toward personal risk and the importance of self-care, pain, depression, and co-morbid illnesses.

System Level
These papers describe the characteristics of health plans and provider groups, both their structural features and the disease management programs they employ and were evaluated by studying their associations with variation in process measures and patient outcomes.

Patient-Physician-System Interactions
These papers focus on patients interactions with either their health care system or their physician and their impact on quality of care and other outcomes.

Methodological
Papers under this category describe research designs, analytical methods and strategies applied to evaluate study data, or present a synthesis/framework review of topic-specific literature.

Listed in alphabetical order by primary authors last name:

Patient Level: .
Published

• Brown A.F. et al., Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Position and Quality of Care for Adults with Diabetes Enrolled in Managed Care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care; 2005 Dec; Vol. 28; No.12; 2864-70.
• Brown A.F. et al., Health Behaviors and Quality of Care Among Latinos With Diabetes in Managed Care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. American Journal of Public Health; 2003 Oct; Vol. 93; No.10; 1694-8
• Carroll A.E. et al., Does Age at Diabetes Diagnosis Influence Long-Term Physical and Behavioral Outcomes. Diabetes Care; 2007 Nov; Vol. 30; No. 11; 2859-2860.
• Duru O.K. et al., Predictors of Sustained Walking among Multi-Ethnic Diabetes Patients in Managed Care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Journal of General Internal Medicine; 2008 Aug; Vol. 23; No. 8; 1194-9.
• Duru O.K. et al., Identifying Risk Factor for Racial Disparities in Diabetes Outcomes: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Medical Care; 2009 June; Vol. 47; No. 6; 700-6.
• Ettner S.L. et al., Investing Time in Health:  Do Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Patients Spend More or Less Extra Time on Diabetes Self-Care? Health Economics; 2008 Aug;[e-pub ahead of print]
• Ferrara A. et al., Sex Disparities in Control and Treatment of Modifiable Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Patients with Diabetes: Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care; 2008 Jan; Vol. 31; No.1; 69-74.
• Ferrara A. et al., Sex Differences in Quality of Health Care Related to Ischemic Heart Disease Prevention in Patients with Diabetes: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study, 2000-2001. Diabetes Care; 2004 Dec; Vol. 27; No. 12; 2974-76.
• Gary T.L. et al., Perception of Neighborhood and Health Behaviors and Outcomes for Adults with Diabetes in Managed Care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care; 2008 Feb; Vol. 31; No.2; 273-8.
  
• Gregg E.W. et al., Characteristics of Patients with Persistent Lapses in Quality of Diabetes Care in Managed Care Systems: the Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study.  Medical Care 2010 Jan; 48(1): 31-37.
• Heisler M. et al., Physicians´ Participatory Decision-Making And Quality Of Diabetes Care Processes And Outcomes: Results From The Triad Study. Chronic Illness. 2009 Sep; Vol. 5; No.3; 165-76.
  
• Johnson S.L. et al., Who Is Tested for Diabetic Kidney Disease and Who Initiates Treatment?  The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care; 2006 Aug; Vol. 29; No. 8; 1733-1738.
• Karter A.J. et al., Educational Disparities in Health Behaviors among Patients with Diabetes: the Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. BMC Public Health; 2007 Oct; Vol. 7; No. 1; 308.
• Karter A.J. et al., Educational Disparities Rates of Smoking Among Diabetic Adults: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes study. American Journal of Public Health; 2008 Feb; Vol. 98; No. 2; 365-70.
• Kim C. et al., Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Associations with Physical Activity and Body Mass Index among Women with Histories of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Educator; 2008 July/Aug; Vol. 34; No. 4; 719-28.
• Kim C. et al., Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women with Histories of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of Women's Health; 2008 June; Vol. 17; No. 5; 783-792.
• Kim C. et al., Risk Perception for Diabetes among Women with Histories of Gestational Diabetes. Diabetes Care; 2007 Sept; Vol. 30; No. 9; 2281-86.
• McEwen L.N. et al., Risk Factors for Mortality among Patients with Diabetes: The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care; 2007 July; Vol. 30; No. 7; 1736-1741.
  
• McEwen L.N. et al. Are Health-Related Quality-of-Life and Self-Rated Health Associated with Mortality? Insights from Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD).Primary Care Diabetes; 2009 Feb; Vol. 3; No. 1; 37-42. [E-pub 2009 March 9]
• Safford M.M. et al., How Much Time Do Patients with Diabetes Spend on Self-Care? Journal of the American Board of Family Practice; 2005 July-Aug; Vol. 18; No. 4; 262-70.
• Tseng C.W. et al., Race/Ethnicity and Economic Differences in Cost Related Medication Underuse among Insured Adults with Diabetes: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care; 2008 Feb; Vol. 31; No. 2; 261-6.
  
• Traylor A. et al., Patient Race/Ethnicity and Patient-Physician Race/Ethnicity Concordance in the Management of CVD Risk Factors for Patients with Diabetes. Diabetes Care; 2010 March; 33(3): 520-5.

In Press

• Bair M.J. et al., Prevalence of Pain and Association with Quality of Life, Depression, and Glycemic Control in Patients with Diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. [Publication date pending.]
  
• Crosson J.C. et al.,  Primary Care Physicians’ Perceptions of Barriers to Good Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Control among Patients with Diabetes.  Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. [Publication date pending].
  

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System Level:
Published

• Ackermann R.T. et al., Is the Number of Documented Diabetes Process-of-Care Indicators Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factor Levels, Patient Satisfaction, or Self-Rated Quality of Diabetes Care? The Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care; 2006 Sept; Vol. 9; No. 29; 2108-2113.
• Beckles G.L. et al., Agreement Between Self-Reports and Medical Records was only Fair in a Cross-Sectional Study of Performance of Annual Eye Examinations among Adults with Diabetes in Managed Care. Medical Care; 2007 Sept; Vol. 45; No. 9; 876-883.
• Brandle M. et al., The Direct Medical Cost of Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care; 2003 Aug; Vol. 26; No 8; 2300-04.
  
• Duru O.K. et al., Mail Order Pharmacy Use and Adherence to Diabetes–Related Medication.  American Journal of Manged Care 2010 Jan; 16(1): 33-40.
• Ettner S.L. et al., Are Physician Reimbursement Strategies Associated with Processes of Care and Patients Satisfaction for Patients with Diabetes in Managed Care? Health Services Research; 2006 Aug; Vol. 41; No. 4; 1221-1241.
  
• Fung V. et. al., Falling into the Coverage Gap: Part D Drug Costs and Adherence for Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug Plan Beneficiaries with Diabetes. Health Services Research. 2009 Dec 30. [Epub ahead of print].
• Karter A.J. et al., Out-of-Pocket Costs and Diabetes Preventive Services: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care; 2003 Aug; Vol. 26; No. 8; 2294-9.
• Kerr E.A. et al., Diabetes Care Quality in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Commercial Managed Care: the TRIAD study. Annals of Internal Medicine; 2004 Aug; Vol. 141; No. 4; 272-281.
• Kim C. et al., Physician Compensation from Salary and Quality of Diabetes Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine; 2007 April; Vol. 22; No. 4; 448-452.
• Kim C. et al., Managed Care Organization and the Quality of Diabetes Care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care; 2004 July; Vol. 27; No. 7; 1529-34.
• Kim C. et al., Referral Management and the Care of Patients with Diabetes: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. The American Journal of Managed Care; 2004 Feb; Vol. 10; No. 3; 137-143.
• Mangione C.M. et al., The Association between Quality of Care and the Intensity of Diabetes Disease Management Programs. Annals of Internal Medicine; 2006 July; Vol. 145; No. 2; 107-116.
• McEwen L.N. et al., Are Primary Care Physicians More Likely to Record Diabetes on Death Certificates? Diabetes Care; 2008 March; Vol. 31; No. 3; 508-510.
  
• Schmittdiel J.A. et al., The Medicare Part D Coverage Gap and Diabetes Beneficiaries. American Journal of Managed Care. 2009 March; Vol. 15; No. 3; 189-193.
• Schmittdiel J.A. et al., The Effectiveness of Diabetes Care Management in Managed Care. American Journal of Managed Care. 2009 May; Vol. 15; No. 5; 295-301.  
• Subramanian U. et al., Effect of Advanced Access Scheduling on Processes and Intermediate Outcomes of Diabetes Care and Utilization. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2009 Mar; Vol. 24; No. 3; 327-333.

In Press

• Duru, O.K. et al., Generic-only Drug Coverage in the Medicare Part D Gap and Impact on Medication Cost-Cutting Behaviors for Patients with Diabetes: The Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society [Publication date pendind].
  
• Ettner S.L. et al., Entering and Exiting the Medicare Part D Coverage Gap: The Role of Comorbidities adn Demographic Characteristics. Journal of General Internal Medicine. [Publication date pending].
  
• Selby J.V and the TRIAD Study Group. Health Systems, Patients Factors and Quality of Care for Diabetes: A Synthesis of Findings from the TRIAD Study. Diabetes Care. [Publication date pending].
  

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Patient-Physician-System Interactions:
Published

• Duru O.K. et al., The Association Between Clinical Care Strategies and the Attenuation of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Diabetes Care: the Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Medical Care; 2006 Dec; Vol.44; No. 12; 1121-1128.
  
• Ferrara A. et al., Trends in Postpartum Diabetes Screening and Subsequent Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Regulation among Women with Histories of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2008 Nov; [e-pub ahead of print]
• Kim C. et al., Preventive Counseling among Women with Histories of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care; 2007 Oct; Vol. 30; No. 10; 2489-95.
• Kim C. et al., Is Physician Gender Associated with the Quality of Diabetes Care? Diabetes Care; 2005 July; Vol. 28; No. 7; 1594-98.
• Kim C. et al., Preconception Care in Managed Care: the Translating Research into Action for Diabetes study. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology; 2005 Jan; Vol. 192; No. 1; 227-32.
  
• Kim C. et al., Physician Perception of Reimbursement for Outpatient Procedures among Managed Care Patients with Diabetes. American Journal of Medical Care; 2009 Jan; Vol. 15; No. 1; 32-38.
  
• McEwen L.N. et al., The Predictors and Impact of Intensification of Antihyperglycemic Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes: Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study. Diabetes Care; 2009 June; Vol. 32; No 6; 971-6.
• McEwen L. N. et al.,  Effect of a Managed Care Disease Management Program on Diabetes Care. American Journal of Managed Care. 2009 Sep; Vol. 15; No. 9; 575-80.
• Schmittdiel J.A. et al., Why Don't Diabetes Patients Achieve Recommended Risk Factor Targets? Poor Adherence vs. Lack of Treatment Intensification. Journal of General Internal Medicine; 2008 May; Vol. 23; No. 5; 588-94.
  
• Schmittdiel J., et al.,  The Association of Patient-Physician Gender Concordance with Cardiovsacular Disease Risk Factor Control and Treatment in Diabetes. Journal of Women's Health (Larchmt). December 2009; 18(12): 2065-2070.
• Selby J.V. et al., Understanding the Gap between Good Processes of Care and Poor Intermediate Outcomes: Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD). Medical Care; 2007 Dec; Vol.45; No. 12; 1144 -1153.
• Subramanian U. et al., The Association of Patient Age with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Treatment and Control in Diabetes.  Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2009 Sep; Vol. 28; No. 9; 1049-52. E - pub 2009 Jul 15.
  
• Tabaei B.P. et al., Does Diabetes Care Compete with the Provision of Women's Preventive Care Services? Diabetes Care; 2005 Nov; Vol. 28; No. 11; 2644-49.

In Press

• Traylor A. et al., Patient and Provider Race: Exploring the Patient, Provider, and Medical Facility Factors Influencing Racial Match. Health Services Research. [Publication date pending].

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Methodological:
Published

• Brown A.F. et al., Socioeconomic Position and Health for Persons with Diabetes: a Conceptual Framework and Review of the Literature. Epidemiologic Reviews; 2004 June; Vol. 26; 63-77.
• Lu S.E. et al., Case-Cohort Designs and Analysis for Clustered Failure Time Data. Biometrics; 2006 Dec; Vol. 62; No. 4; 1138-1148.
• McEwen L.N. et al., Diabetes Reporting as a Cause of Death: results from Translating Research Into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) study. Diabetes Care; 2006 Feb; Vol. 29; No. 2; 247-253.
• TRIAD Study Group, The Translating Research into Action for Diabetes (TRIAD) Study: a Multicenter Study of Diabetes in Managed Care. Diabetes Care; 2002 Feb; Vol. 25; No. 2; 386-389.
  
• Schmittdiel J.A. et al., The Medicare Advantage Part D Coverage Gap and Diabetes Beneficiaries. American Journal of Managed Care. 2009 March; Vol.15; No.3; 189-193.